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The Judicial Branch of the U.S. Government

Social Studies > McGraw Hill > CH1T1

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The Judicial Branch of the U.S. Government

The judicial branch of the federal government includes the Supreme Court, the most powerful court in the country, whose responsibility is to determine whether or not laws are constitutional. This process is called judicial review. The judicial branch is also responsible for determining the meaning of laws and whether or not laws have been followed.

The Supreme Court is composed of nine justices who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. The justices serve for life. The Chief Justice is the head of this elite group; the others are known as associate justices. The exact number of justices is determined by Congress. Although there have been nine members since 1869, this number had formerly been as low as six. A decision is reached when a majority of these justices agree. One responsibility of the Chief Justice is to administer the oath of office at presidential inaugurations. Another is to preside over impeachment hearings.

According to Article III of the Constitution, the Supreme Court is empowered to rule on cases that involve a state and citizens from a different state, controversies between states, and patent and copyright issues. Because the Supreme Court’s responsibility is to interpret what a law means, it generally does not hold trials. The justices may, however, accept legal briefs, hear arguments, or ask questions of the parties in the case.

In addition to the Supreme Court, the judicial branch also includes the United States district courts and United States courts of appeal. The district courts try most federal cases. The courts of appeal are responsible for reviewing appealed district court cases. These courts must abide by the decisions and interpretations of the Supreme Court. Once the Supreme Court makes a ruling or interprets a law, the inferior courts must apply this interpretation to other cases.

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